Verses Makiyyah and Madaniyyah

   There are four views of scholars about the meaning of verses Makiyyah and Madaniyyah, that is down by age, according to fall, according to the conversation object (mukhatab), and according to the theme of talks.

   Surah al-Qur'an consists of two groups that is surah Madaniyyah and surah Makiyyah. From this classification, divided into several groups of verses or surah, that is surah Makiyyah pure, surah Madaniyyah pure, verses makiyyah in a surah Madaniyyah, (half surah included madaniyyah but some of its verses including makiyyah), verses madaniyyah in a surah makiyyah (of the surah included Madaniyyah but has styling language and common traits such as surah makiyyah), and similar Makiyyah Madaniyyah (verses included makiyyah but has styling language and common traits such as surah Madaniyyah).

   The verses Makiyyah have the feature: In it are verses Sajda, starting with the word "Kalla", begins with the phrase "ya ayyuha an-nas" and there is no verse that starts with the phrase "ya Ayyuhal Al-ladzina" except in surah Al- Hajj, begins with the surah cut into pieces (surah At-Tahajji), containing the theme kidah the Prophet and the followers of earlier, talking about the story of Adam and the devil, except in surah Al-Baqarah, an explanation of the invitation menotheisme and emphasis on Aqeedah or worship of God alone, the determination of the minutes of prophethood, the determination of the resurrection and retaliation, the description of the apocalypse and the subject?, hell and punished before Allah, paradise and pleasures, and debate the group pagans with rational arguments, the establishment of the foundations of the public as the legal establishment Personality 'and the virtues of character that must be owned by members of the public, and short syllables, words impress once, a brief statement, pierce ears and sounded very loud so it can be thrilling and convincing to the heart.

   Urgency learn verses Makiyyah and Madaniyyah is to help interpret al-Qur'an, as a guide for steps dakwah, and provide information about the history of prophecy.

A.   Definition of Munasabah

Etymologically, munasabah means muqarabah (proximity) or musyakalah (similarity). From the munasabah words can be taken nasab word, which means the relative of bloodlines still continued. Synonym munasabah is ta'aqquli (related), ittishal (continued), al-Ta'liq (hung), and al-tartib (sequentially). By terminology, munasabah is the science that examines the relationship and engagement between verses or letter in the Qur'an that can be understood by a healthy mind, so that it can facilitate the students of the Qur'an to understand any verses from the quran.

Judging from its nature, munasabah split in two. First, the obvious absurd (Zahir al-irtibath). Second, munasabah disguise (khafiyu al-irtibath). In terms of material, munasabah divided into two, namely the inter-paragraph munasabh and munasabah deliver the letter.

In addressing the munasabah, the scholars are divided into two groups. First, the group is interested in the munasabah, and even some of them develop. Second, groups that are not interested and considers munasabah not need to be assessed. They are represented by Ma'ruf Dualibi and Mahmud Syaltut.

Knowledge of the munasabah is ijtihadi, meaning that knowledge of it is determined based on the ijtihad of the scholars. There are four ways to find out the munasabah, namely through text (al-ibrah), take a hint (al-isyarah), understand the subtlety of language (al-lathaif), and understanding the nature (al-Haqa'iq).

munasabah is very important in interpreting the Qur'an and encourage the sender more love of the al-qur’an.

B.    Kinds of Munasabah

Judging from the nature, munasabah divided into two, namely:

1.     Zahir Irtibath (real adjustment)

This occurs because the munasabah parts of the al-qur’an that one with another obvious and strong due to strong links sentences to each other. Rows of some verses that describe the material things sometimes, paragraph one form of the amplifier, the interpreter, connectors, explanatory, exclusion, or restriction by another passage. So that all paragraphs into a coherent whole and inseparable. For example, is the relationship between paragraphs 1 and 2 of Surah al-Isra ', which describes in-her-isra' Prophet Muhammad, and is followed by a description of Tarurat revelation to Moses. From the second paragraph it is clear that both provide information about the coming of prophets and apostles.

                  2.      Khafy Irtibath (rapprochement are not real)

This occurs because the munasabah between the parts of the al-qur’an there is no conformity, so it does not seem any relationship between them, even looked each verse stands alone, either because the paragraph linked to other verses as well as the one opposed to the other

In terms of material, munasabah divided into two, that is munasabah between surah and the munasabah between ayat. Munasabah between ayat al-Quran is a relationship between one verse with other verses.

Munasabah between surah is defined as a rapprochem  between the surah one to another.

C.     The Ways to Knowing About Munasabah

Although there is no necessity to find munasabah, but there are four steps that need to pay attention for enthusiasts munasabah (Anwar, 2008: 84)

1)       It should be noted discussion of a letter of interest is the object of the search.

2)       Nothing the description of the verses are consistent with the objectives discussed in the surah.

3)       Determine the level of these description, whether to do or not. After we understand the descrption verse, then we begin to determine the extent of these descrption that come to the conclusion that paragraph or this surah has or does not have a relationship with each other.

4)       In taking conclusion, should pay attention to the expression language expression should be true and not excessive.

ASBAB AL – NUZUL

1.      Definition Asbab al – Nuzul

Etimologically, asbab al nuzul is idhofah form, that consist of two words, that are asbab and al nuzul. Asbab means causes or reasons and al nuzul means go down.. Terminologically, asbab al nuzul is the causes or events which is become the reason of relegating al Quran. according to al-Zarqani, nuzul is JAJ al-al-isti'arag tasrihiyyah, which equates to giving superior to subordinate. Therefore, the determination of said nuzul not mean to give the impression that the car-Qur; an off above, but Qur'an comes from being the supreme being exalted, in the Qur'an there are many words nuzul such as the decline in letter al'muminun in paragraph 29.

2. Types of  ascriptions and al-nuzul

Miscellaneous ak-nuzul biased views of:

a. Forms used in the editorial of ascriptions al-nuzul

b. The reasons and verses down

Judging from the shape editor, asbab al-nuzul consist 2:

a. Editorial sharih (obviously) is that history has clearly indicated asbab al-nuzul an unlikely show others.

b. Editorial muhtamilah (not explicitly) the editor of al-ascriptions nuzul that does not explicitly mention that the editorial berkenanaan asbab with al-nuzul.

3. The phrase an expression asbab nuzul

Nuzul asbab an expression can only be known through the narrative of the companions of the Prophet who directly witnessed the occurrence of events or the emergence of questions concerning because the decline in the Qur'an. This means that an nuzul asbab history must be submitted by the companions. They said because the decline in the Qur'an uses the expression is different between an event with other events. Differences in the expression must contain different meanings which have implications on the status because the decline in verse the Qur'an.

Miscellaneous phrases used in describing companions, among others:

a. There is a word because

b. There is the word fa (then)

c. There is a word fa (on or about)

Asbab nuzul an expression expression can described below:

a. Because nuzul articulated (sababu nuzul hadzil paragraph kadza)

b. For nuzul not indicated by pronunciations cause, but with pronunciations (fa), which entered into verse in question.

c. Because nuzul surely understood from the contex

d. For nuzul not mentioned by the phrase because it clearly.

4. Ulama’s opinion about asbab al nuzul

the majority of scholars agree that an asbab-nuzul important to find meaning and significance verses of the Qur'an.
as well as other scholars argue that the ascriptions-nuzul an understanding of the Qur'an is not too important. The reason is not all the verse and surah of the Qur'an has asbab ab-nuzul.

5.      Urgency and utilities asbab al-nuzul

a. Determine law (takhsis) with cause by the person who found a like stated in particular cause.

b. We can understand the meaning of a verse secaara deeper, and there goes kemusykilan (doubts) that still haunt us.

c. Knowing the wisdom enforcement of a law, and syri'at attention to the common good in the face of all the events as a mercy to the people.

d. Giving legal restrictions were lowered because that happens, if the law is expressed in the general form.

e. Because the decline in paragraph can explain to whom the verse was revealed that the verse does not explain to others because of the encouragement of hostility and discord

Rasm Al-Qur’an

A.   Definition of Rasm Al-Quran

Rasm Al-Qur’an (Rasm Utsmani or Rasm Utsman) is the way of writing Al-Qur’an which was assigned in Khalifah Utsman’s periods. Rasm an infinitive form (al-mashdar) than for work rasama - yarsamu, which means drawing or painting and also means writing. Can also be interpreted al-atsar, 'Ash Grove. While the Quran is the word of God revealed to the prophet Muhammad by the intermediary angel Gabriel written in Manuscripts and submitted to us mutawatir (by many people), learn it is a charity-worship, starting with the letter al-Fatihah and closed by an-nas.

B.    Opinion Scholars about Rasm al-Qur'an

Some of Ulama thought that Rasm Al-Qur’an is taufiqi, that is Prophet Muhammad’s provision and it’ not Sahabat’s product and also the other. So, everyone must follow it when they write Al-Qur’an. But, other Ulama have the different opinion, they thougt that Rasm Al-Qur’an is not taufiqi and it’s not Prophet Muhammad’s provision.

"Place the ink, use a pen, then set" ba "distinguished" sin ", do you tilt the" meme ", that's good for (writing)" God "extend the (writing)" ar-Rahman ", and make good (writing)" ar- Rahim "and put your pen over your left ear, because it will make you be remembered".

C.   Rule Rasm al-Quran

There are 6 kinds of rules Rasm Al-Quran, including:
1. Al-Hadzf
        It’s remove, eliminate, or negate the letter.
2. Al-Ziyadah
        It’s adding the letter
3. Al-Hamzah
        Preformance this case the requirements are if the letter hamzah berharakat breadfruit, then berharakat previous writ.
4. substitute
        Badal was the replacement.
5. Washal (junction) and Fashl (separation)
        Washl is a connection method which results in missing words or dump a certain letter.
6. The word which can be read two sounds
        A word that can be read two sounds, writing customized with one sound.

 Definition,  The Scopes, Branches of Ulum Al-Quran with growth and develovment

1. Definition of Ulum Al Quran

      Ulum al-Quran consist of two words, that are “ulum” and “Al- Quran”. Word “Ulum” is plural form      from word “ilmu”. Word “ilmu” form from lafaz ‘alima ya’lamu ‘ilman that means al-fahm      (understand)  and al-idrak (invention). 

 Lafaz ‘ilmu in Al Quran 780 ayat. Definition ‘ilmu in Al Quran, such as :

        a. Knowledge, Qs. Al Anbiya (21): 110

        b. Observe, Qs. Muhammad (47): 31

        c. Permit, Qs. Hud (11): 14

        d. Understanding, Qs. Al Naml (27): 66

2. The Scopes of Ulum Al Quran

       There are six main discussions of Ulum Al Quran 

          a. Nuzulul Quran

          b.  Sanad

          c. Qiraat

          d. The words in Al Quran

          e. The meaning of the word which is related with law problem

          f. The meaning of Al Quran which is related with words meaning

3. The main branches of Ulum Al Quran

       There are seventeen main branches of Ulum Al Quran

          1. Ilmu Mawathin al- Nuzul

          2. Ilmu Tawarikh al- Nuzul

          3. Ilmu Asbab Al- Nuzul

          4. Ilmu Qiraat

          5. Ilmu Tajwid

          6. Ilmu Gharib al- Quran

          7. Ilmu I’rab al- Quran

          8. Ilmu Wujuh wa al- Nazha’ir

          9. Ilmu Ma’rifah al-Muhkam wa al-Mutasyabih

         10. Ilmu Nasikh wa Mansukh

         11. Ilmu Bada’iu al - Quran

         12. Ilmu I’jaz al- Quran

         13. Ilmu Tanasub al- Quran

         14. Ilmu Aqsam al-Quran

         15. Ilmu Amtsal al-Quran

         16. Ilmu Jidal al-Quran

         17. Ilmu adab Tilawah al- Quran

4. The Growth and Develovment of Ulum Al Quran

      

       The growth and develovment of ‘Ulum Al Quran devided into two period, such as :

         a. Before Codification

               This period is growth and develovment period in Nabi, Khalifah Abu Bakar and Khalifah Umar bin  Khattab era.

          b. Period of Arranged Mushaf

               Period occurred since the caliph Uthman ibn Affan. during this period, the more extensive the territory of Islam and the Muslims spread across the region with various tribes and culture including language.